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Wednesday, April 7. 2010
Style Switcher with jQuery
While developing an Adobe AIR application using CSS/HTML/JS, I decided I wanted to allow for templating of the application. The default template has the ability to switch view states (horizontal, or vertical). Since I'm building the application with CSS, HTML and JavaScript (with jQuery), I thought that in order to create this effect, I'd use a style switcher.
I then thought...hey, I wonder if this would work in browsers other than the WebKit version I've been testing under?!
It worked in Firefox 3.6.3, Opera 10.51, Chrome 5.0.342.8 beta, and Internet Explorer 6 (although my test CSS was broken in IE6). Opera 10.50 (tested first) had an issue with loading the secondary CSS on first attempt, but had it cached after that. 10.51 loaded everything just fine, but I can't be sure if it was still cached from the attempt with 10.50, or if 10.51 fixed an unknown issue to help fix it.
So, how did I do it?
Back in the day, Firefox had a little-known and not-often-used feature that allowed web-designers to incorporate multiple CSS layouts/designs right in the site, and the users could choose on-the-fly which UI they'd like to use (on each session) by going to View, Page Style, and then choose the style you wanted - if more than a single style was available from within the code. To give users this option, you include secondary stylesheets after the first, but in the link element, you specify that it's an alternative stylesheet, as so:
I originally started with this concept and tried swapping out the primary for the secondary and vice versa. Unfortunately this had some issues during development that may have been related to some other problems, but I dropped this attempt (but if Opera has a problem with caching, this route would solve that). Instead, I simply changed the href property of the link element. It was easier to target with jQuery without using URL matching/REGEX, or arbitrary naming of the rel property.
Anyhow, here's the code that I used (in this example, I am clicking on a button with ID of "switch"):
What this is doing:
...and we now have our style swapped out (quickly and easily) for an entirely new style.
I then thought...hey, I wonder if this would work in browsers other than the WebKit version I've been testing under?!
It worked in Firefox 3.6.3, Opera 10.51, Chrome 5.0.342.8 beta, and Internet Explorer 6 (although my test CSS was broken in IE6). Opera 10.50 (tested first) had an issue with loading the secondary CSS on first attempt, but had it cached after that. 10.51 loaded everything just fine, but I can't be sure if it was still cached from the attempt with 10.50, or if 10.51 fixed an unknown issue to help fix it.
So, how did I do it?
Back in the day, Firefox had a little-known and not-often-used feature that allowed web-designers to incorporate multiple CSS layouts/designs right in the site, and the users could choose on-the-fly which UI they'd like to use (on each session) by going to View, Page Style, and then choose the style you wanted - if more than a single style was available from within the code. To give users this option, you include secondary stylesheets after the first, but in the link element, you specify that it's an alternative stylesheet, as so:
I originally started with this concept and tried swapping out the primary for the secondary and vice versa. Unfortunately this had some issues during development that may have been related to some other problems, but I dropped this attempt (but if Opera has a problem with caching, this route would solve that). Instead, I simply changed the href property of the link element. It was easier to target with jQuery without using URL matching/REGEX, or arbitrary naming of the rel property.
Anyhow, here's the code that I used (in this example, I am clicking on a button with ID of "switch"):
What this is doing:
- Bind an onClick event to the element with an id of "switch"
- find the LINK element of a media type of screen that contains an href property and assign it to the variable "cssStyle"
- fade out the application (or a website wrapper?)
- swap the CSS style for another (inline), depending on what's currently loaded
- fade the application (or website wrapper) back in with new style
...and we now have our style swapped out (quickly and easily) for an entirely new style.
Friday, March 19. 2010
Adobe AIR 2.0
As I was redesigning the interface to my "RefStat" (Reference Statistics Tracking) application, I came across a web page that claimed support for CSS3 in Adobe AIR, so immediately began creating the new interface using Safari 4 as a testing ground for my UI. After almost completing it, it was brought to my attention that this would not be available until version 2 of AIR was released. I am still using v1.5.x. Not awesome.
The good news however, is that there is a public release of AIR 2.0 Beta 2 for download, which gives me hope that the stable release is not too far away. Since I am also waiting on an update to the tooltip library I am using, this wait hopefully won't be too long after I am ready for it.
New features in Adobe AIR 2.0 that I am looking forward to:
Features planned for my redesigned UI (v2):
I might add a graph rendering to display current stats for the day too as I've been asked for it, but it wasn't meant to view reports, only create the data used for them. This seems less important to me than the user interface and code updates though (template/skinning was so users could switch between horizontal and vertical displays depending on their desktop icon arrangements or resolution).
Current mockup (without tooltip) rendered by Safari 4.0.5 for Windows.
I never claimed to be a UI designer.
The handles on the left/right sides are "grip" or handle areas in order to move the application. The resize/change template button is not yet implemented in this template (though all controls would be in the orange group). The notepad is the new feedback button (in place of the "T|" from before), and of course minimize and close. The image shows a hover state, not a mouse-down state. The colors are meant to be similar to our library's "official" color (#621E27 or close variations).
The good news however, is that there is a public release of AIR 2.0 Beta 2 for download, which gives me hope that the stable release is not too far away. Since I am also waiting on an update to the tooltip library I am using, this wait hopefully won't be too long after I am ready for it.
New features in Adobe AIR 2.0 that I am looking forward to:
- UDP packet support (interfacing with some game servers)
- TCP/open socket listening (acts as server)
- ~30% more efficient than AIR 1.x
- WebKit version updated to Safari 4.0.3 equivalent
- (Better?) Printer support
Features planned for my redesigned UI (v2):
- 8+ more buttons? 800x600 or less resolution? No problem anymore! The buttons wrap and the app scales.
- Templates/Skinning support
- No more color coded buttons (in default templates)
- Redone UI in my template won't have the hover bug for tooltips (mouseout from inside AIR app, thinks you're still hovering)...AIR 2.0 might fix this on its own.
- On-the-fly template switching
- Refactored object class
I might add a graph rendering to display current stats for the day too as I've been asked for it, but it wasn't meant to view reports, only create the data used for them. This seems less important to me than the user interface and code updates though (template/skinning was so users could switch between horizontal and vertical displays depending on their desktop icon arrangements or resolution).
Current mockup (without tooltip) rendered by Safari 4.0.5 for Windows.
Reference Statistics Tracker for SSPL v2
I never claimed to be a UI designer.
The handles on the left/right sides are "grip" or handle areas in order to move the application. The resize/change template button is not yet implemented in this template (though all controls would be in the orange group). The notepad is the new feedback button (in place of the "T|" from before), and of course minimize and close. The image shows a hover state, not a mouse-down state. The colors are meant to be similar to our library's "official" color (#621E27 or close variations).
Monday, March 8. 2010
jQuery Printed Footer Links
I was randomly perusing the web and stumbled across an older interesting List Apart article (September 19, 2005 to be exact). In it, the author used JavaScript to create a list of all links found on the page, and then create a footer with a footnote-like list. I was using simple CSS to display the URL of the hyperlink in print display media, but that doesn't work in some browsers (IE), and worse off it can really mess up the visual order of the page.
Inspired by the article's intentions, I decided to use some jQuery to whip up a similar solution and I took the opportunity to use jQuery 1.4's new syntax for object creation (so this is 1.4 code only - see comments for a 1.3.x solution). Differences? I exclude hyperlinks set to the hash symbol (#) which shouldn't be found anyway (graceful degredation people!), "mailto" links, and I don't find link element's citations (blockquote "cite" property). I also believe his script would grab image information, but I'm not entirely sure, mine only searches hyperlinks. I also opted not to exclude listings of duplicate hyperlink values. If it's found twice, it lists it in the footer twice. Less JS processing, and more clear to the visitor (in my opinion).
Expected Issues: It requires JavaScript (and the jQuery library included on your page). If JavaScript is enabled but CSS is disabled, the hidden content will be visible to the user.
On to the code!
First thing's first, we should find the links in our code that we'd like to target. For my situation, I have a content class defined on my page for all content, and the column that contains the actual body is called ".col2_right" (yes, I know, ignore the fact of the poor naming scheme). So, in jQuery, we're going to target all hyperlinks found in the col2_right and content classes, but we don't want to include links to hashes or mailto links. I've also removed listing to nofollow links, but that is my choice (probably not a good one, but I digress).
We'll also need some sort of container to keep these found links wrapped in. I chose to use a fieldset and legend, you could just as easily create a DIV and a H2 or other tags for your own purposes. I also want to create an ordered list to match the found hyperlinks.
Here comes the real center, meaty goodness of the script: looping through our list of found hyperlinks, creating a little notification text next to the hyperlink's text, and add the hyperlink URL itself to the footnote section in the ordered list as a list item.
We use jQuery's each() method to loop through the items in the array, grab the link's URL so that we can do some testing on it, and modify it's value for inclusion in to the footnotes. Some links may be relative URLs, but that doesn't mean much to someone who doesn't know what a relative URL is. In fact, it would probably confuse me too at first. I happen to know that my domain forces www for the subdomain so I've added that in, fix that up as you like. I then create a span tag to hold the associated footnote number (the ListApart article used a superscript tag, I found regular text is more easily readable), add a class to it so it's only visible when printed, and create my list item element with the URL from our link, and place those elements in to the document in the appropriate places with the appendTo jQuery function.
Last but not least, we append our entire footnote to the end of our content body section. The full code is below.
Note the added "if" statement to check the length of the links variable. If it is empty, we did not find any links and don't want to create any extra markup when printing the page.
Oh, and the CSS: ".print_only { display:none; }" This should be placed in your normal style sheet, and leave it out from your print style sheet. If you don't have a print style sheet, extend it a bit: @media print { .print_only { display:none; } }
Note: Thanks to Stiles to provide some fixes and compatibility changes for jQuery 1.3.x.
Inspired by the article's intentions, I decided to use some jQuery to whip up a similar solution and I took the opportunity to use jQuery 1.4's new syntax for object creation (so this is 1.4 code only - see comments for a 1.3.x solution). Differences? I exclude hyperlinks set to the hash symbol (#) which shouldn't be found anyway (graceful degredation people!), "mailto" links, and I don't find link element's citations (blockquote "cite" property). I also believe his script would grab image information, but I'm not entirely sure, mine only searches hyperlinks. I also opted not to exclude listings of duplicate hyperlink values. If it's found twice, it lists it in the footer twice. Less JS processing, and more clear to the visitor (in my opinion).
Expected Issues: It requires JavaScript (and the jQuery library included on your page). If JavaScript is enabled but CSS is disabled, the hidden content will be visible to the user.
On to the code!
First thing's first, we should find the links in our code that we'd like to target. For my situation, I have a content class defined on my page for all content, and the column that contains the actual body is called ".col2_right" (yes, I know, ignore the fact of the poor naming scheme). So, in jQuery, we're going to target all hyperlinks found in the col2_right and content classes, but we don't want to include links to hashes or mailto links. I've also removed listing to nofollow links, but that is my choice (probably not a good one, but I digress).
We'll also need some sort of container to keep these found links wrapped in. I chose to use a fieldset and legend, you could just as easily create a DIV and a H2 or other tags for your own purposes. I also want to create an ordered list to match the found hyperlinks.
Here comes the real center, meaty goodness of the script: looping through our list of found hyperlinks, creating a little notification text next to the hyperlink's text, and add the hyperlink URL itself to the footnote section in the ordered list as a list item.
We use jQuery's each() method to loop through the items in the array, grab the link's URL so that we can do some testing on it, and modify it's value for inclusion in to the footnotes. Some links may be relative URLs, but that doesn't mean much to someone who doesn't know what a relative URL is. In fact, it would probably confuse me too at first. I happen to know that my domain forces www for the subdomain so I've added that in, fix that up as you like. I then create a span tag to hold the associated footnote number (the ListApart article used a superscript tag, I found regular text is more easily readable), add a class to it so it's only visible when printed, and create my list item element with the URL from our link, and place those elements in to the document in the appropriate places with the appendTo jQuery function.
Last but not least, we append our entire footnote to the end of our content body section. The full code is below.
Note the added "if" statement to check the length of the links variable. If it is empty, we did not find any links and don't want to create any extra markup when printing the page.
Oh, and the CSS: ".print_only { display:none; }" This should be placed in your normal style sheet, and leave it out from your print style sheet. If you don't have a print style sheet, extend it a bit: @media print { .print_only { display:none; } }
Note: Thanks to Stiles to provide some fixes and compatibility changes for jQuery 1.3.x.
Tuesday, March 2. 2010
Website Render Time with PHP >= 5.1
In CakePHP v1.3.x, there will no longer be an automatic dump of tons of information (probably because the DebugKit plugin can handle all of that information for us) when in debug mode. However, in my non-CakePHP websites, and even in my Cake websites, I have become accustomed to viewing the source to see a full render time for the page in an HTML comment. Thanks to the help of "jnay" over at CakeQs.org, I've found out about a new (as of PHP 5.1) $_SERVER variable argument called "REQUEST_TIME". It holds the UNIX timestamp of the initiation of the call.
By using this variable, along with the optional boolean argument for microtime (as of PHP 5.0.0), we can determine the HTML render time of our application with the following calculation in either our footer view/template, or controller (preferably in the last possible iteration of your project's render):
The echo is optional and used only as an example here; it simply depends on how you use the calculation in your script(s)/framework(s). This is much easier than starting the timer in the header and calculating the difference in the footer like I had to do in the PHP 4 days!
Remember, this is only for trivial estimations and comparisons. If you need to thoroughly evaluate your script(s) for time efficiency you should be using something else, such as Xdebug and a form of CacheGrind for your choice of OS.
By using this variable, along with the optional boolean argument for microtime (as of PHP 5.0.0), we can determine the HTML render time of our application with the following calculation in either our footer view/template, or controller (preferably in the last possible iteration of your project's render):
The echo is optional and used only as an example here; it simply depends on how you use the calculation in your script(s)/framework(s). This is much easier than starting the timer in the header and calculating the difference in the footer like I had to do in the PHP 4 days!
Remember, this is only for trivial estimations and comparisons. If you need to thoroughly evaluate your script(s) for time efficiency you should be using something else, such as Xdebug and a form of CacheGrind for your choice of OS.
Sunday, February 28. 2010
YSlow: Getting a better score and a faster site.
I decided that it was finally time I took a serious look at increasing the YSlow score for our websites. I was under the impression that browsers would automatically cache (by default anyway) certain graphic elements to save on bandwidth, but our staff website has a repeating background image for a left hand navigation bar, and it would disappear for a fraction of a second while reloading the other page; this told me that something was not right, and YSlow might be the answer I was looking for (and that my PHP framework of choice was not to blame).
YSlow:
Initial Score: 67
I choose the smallest size images exported from Photoshop, and if I ever use a PNG, I use a great tool called "PNGGuantlet" (Windows only) which compresses PNGs while also removing the alpha channel problems that make PNGs appear with different colors than they were intended to. I also have compressed my main JS file, and CSS file(s). All XHTML should be valid (unless I updated a link and forget to escape an ampersand), the DOCTYPE is listed, character set is given, and all non-background images contain height and width properties. Oh, I also have a default favicon.ico file. These are all good recommendations to do regardless, and in doing so YSlow gave me a pretty decent score (albeit, not that great if it was a test in school).
Two modifications to YSlow's scoring:
1. I am not Amazon. I don't necessarily need a CDN for my content.
2. I don't need a subdomain to house my CSS, JS, and images. If I end up storing videos, that already has a subdomain set up and ready.
Therefore, I modified YSlow's grading scheme. To do so, there is a dropdown menu to the right of the 4 tabs in the YSlow toolbar, it is labelled "YSlow(V2)". Click the "Edit" button to the immediate right of that. In my scheme, I disabled "Use a Content Delivery Network (CDN)" and "Use cookie-free domains". You cannot overwrite the rule set, so you have to save it as something else, I named mine "SSPL" since that is the website domain that I care about (for work). Different websites have different criteria, so it only makes sense to name it something related to the website you are concerned about. Go through and uncheck what you don't believe applies to you. If you're uncertain, leave it checked. This little configuration raises my grade up already - that was easy.
Here are the .htaccess rules I've added to raise my own score, what they're for and why I chose to make them:
Enable GZip'ing of components:
The AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE [list of mimetypes] was the command I used to gzip the particularly listed files that have such a MIME-Type: html, txt, js, css, js (variation), json, json (variation). Some browsers read JSON and JavaScript as an application mime-type whereas others read it as a text type, I figured I would simply cover my bases. Although these are ASCII types, you could just as easily gzip binary types, such as GIF, JPG, or PDF (though theoretically they should already be compressed and you're just adding extra work for the server).
Configure ETags:
From what I have read, ETags are a mixed breed. They can have some benefits, but they can also have some detractions. Again, considering that I'm not Amazon and I will be enabling the Expires heading, I opted to simply disable ETags. You can disable ETags in Apache under an .htaccess file with the unset rule above, along with the FileETag None to cover most supporting browsers (one would hope). I wasn't able to find any examples on how to properly "configure" ETags so that YSlow would not complain other than to simply turn them off. ETags, from what I've read, are a variation on telling the browser to cache certain files in a certain manner, but it doesn't work on any website that is run on multiple servers for the same content. Either way, I opted for the Expires heading which made ETags rather redundant from what I could tell.
Enabling an Expires Heading:
It appears that in Apache, by default, Expires headings are disabled, and just like mod_rewrite, you must explicitly tell Apache that you wish to use it, so the first thing you have to do is turn it on: "ExpiresActive On". Once that is done, there are a few ways to set the expiry time; I opted to use a human readable implementation, and YSlow expects a "far future" date (from the date last modified). As one of my sites is currently built with HTML files pulling in a template, the original files won't typically be modified for a long time, so I had to make my future date a FAR future date (10 years from last modification) - your experience may vary. For further information on Expires, take a look at the Apache documentation for mod_expires.
Additional speed enhancements:
I recently read that if you have a framework that may take some time figuring out what data must be displayed prior to even getting it to the server, it may be a good idea to flush the buffer so that the data that can be sent to the browser can be sent prior to everything else - such as the document head which contains the page title, CSS, and sometimes JS. That way, while the rest of the page is being rendered by the server, the JS/CSS has time to download. This is actually why I decided to leave my JS at the top of my website rather than placing it in the footer. I live by graceful degredation, but if the page loads before the JS does, it can also cause a screen flicker which is against accessibility guidelines for HTML. In this case, it was possible speed for accessibility - I choose accessibility. I personally really don't want me, or my client(s) getting sued for accessibility issues because "Oh hey, it loads a second faster now!". If you had an interactive rich website such as Facebook or MySpace, I'd imagine you'd have to place JS in the footer and have a separate, accessible domain for others...if that's even easily possible. Anyway, what I did with flushing the output buffer was to (in PHP) modify my template file, I called PHP's flush() function after the closing HEAD tag in the HTML template file.
Anyway, with those small tweaks and tricks, I was able to get my score up to 96. I have a B in 3 categories:
1. Expires header issue (CDN of ajax.googleapis.com, it won't recognize my CDN) as a CDN has a non-far future expiration date in the called JS file.
2. Minify CSS and JS - it is minified, so I'm not sure what it wants from me. The filesize is probably too large for an A.
3. Put JavaScript at the Bottom - I already explained why I don't want to do this, but I've left the rule in anyway.
Now my site seems to be a bit more responsive, and the background image I mentioned before no longer disappears and reappears (unless I press refresh really, really fast, confusing the browser's cache I guess).
YSlow:
Initial Score: 67
I choose the smallest size images exported from Photoshop, and if I ever use a PNG, I use a great tool called "PNGGuantlet" (Windows only) which compresses PNGs while also removing the alpha channel problems that make PNGs appear with different colors than they were intended to. I also have compressed my main JS file, and CSS file(s). All XHTML should be valid (unless I updated a link and forget to escape an ampersand), the DOCTYPE is listed, character set is given, and all non-background images contain height and width properties. Oh, I also have a default favicon.ico file. These are all good recommendations to do regardless, and in doing so YSlow gave me a pretty decent score (albeit, not that great if it was a test in school).
Two modifications to YSlow's scoring:
1. I am not Amazon. I don't necessarily need a CDN for my content.
2. I don't need a subdomain to house my CSS, JS, and images. If I end up storing videos, that already has a subdomain set up and ready.
Therefore, I modified YSlow's grading scheme. To do so, there is a dropdown menu to the right of the 4 tabs in the YSlow toolbar, it is labelled "YSlow(V2)". Click the "Edit" button to the immediate right of that. In my scheme, I disabled "Use a Content Delivery Network (CDN)" and "Use cookie-free domains". You cannot overwrite the rule set, so you have to save it as something else, I named mine "SSPL" since that is the website domain that I care about (for work). Different websites have different criteria, so it only makes sense to name it something related to the website you are concerned about. Go through and uncheck what you don't believe applies to you. If you're uncertain, leave it checked. This little configuration raises my grade up already - that was easy.
Here are the .htaccess rules I've added to raise my own score, what they're for and why I chose to make them:
Enable GZip'ing of components:
The AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE [list of mimetypes] was the command I used to gzip the particularly listed files that have such a MIME-Type: html, txt, js, css, js (variation), json, json (variation). Some browsers read JSON and JavaScript as an application mime-type whereas others read it as a text type, I figured I would simply cover my bases. Although these are ASCII types, you could just as easily gzip binary types, such as GIF, JPG, or PDF (though theoretically they should already be compressed and you're just adding extra work for the server).
Configure ETags:
From what I have read, ETags are a mixed breed. They can have some benefits, but they can also have some detractions. Again, considering that I'm not Amazon and I will be enabling the Expires heading, I opted to simply disable ETags. You can disable ETags in Apache under an .htaccess file with the unset rule above, along with the FileETag None to cover most supporting browsers (one would hope). I wasn't able to find any examples on how to properly "configure" ETags so that YSlow would not complain other than to simply turn them off. ETags, from what I've read, are a variation on telling the browser to cache certain files in a certain manner, but it doesn't work on any website that is run on multiple servers for the same content. Either way, I opted for the Expires heading which made ETags rather redundant from what I could tell.
Enabling an Expires Heading:
It appears that in Apache, by default, Expires headings are disabled, and just like mod_rewrite, you must explicitly tell Apache that you wish to use it, so the first thing you have to do is turn it on: "ExpiresActive On". Once that is done, there are a few ways to set the expiry time; I opted to use a human readable implementation, and YSlow expects a "far future" date (from the date last modified). As one of my sites is currently built with HTML files pulling in a template, the original files won't typically be modified for a long time, so I had to make my future date a FAR future date (10 years from last modification) - your experience may vary. For further information on Expires, take a look at the Apache documentation for mod_expires.
Additional speed enhancements:
I recently read that if you have a framework that may take some time figuring out what data must be displayed prior to even getting it to the server, it may be a good idea to flush the buffer so that the data that can be sent to the browser can be sent prior to everything else - such as the document head which contains the page title, CSS, and sometimes JS. That way, while the rest of the page is being rendered by the server, the JS/CSS has time to download. This is actually why I decided to leave my JS at the top of my website rather than placing it in the footer. I live by graceful degredation, but if the page loads before the JS does, it can also cause a screen flicker which is against accessibility guidelines for HTML. In this case, it was possible speed for accessibility - I choose accessibility. I personally really don't want me, or my client(s) getting sued for accessibility issues because "Oh hey, it loads a second faster now!". If you had an interactive rich website such as Facebook or MySpace, I'd imagine you'd have to place JS in the footer and have a separate, accessible domain for others...if that's even easily possible. Anyway, what I did with flushing the output buffer was to (in PHP) modify my template file, I called PHP's flush() function after the closing HEAD tag in the HTML template file.
Anyway, with those small tweaks and tricks, I was able to get my score up to 96. I have a B in 3 categories:
1. Expires header issue (CDN of ajax.googleapis.com, it won't recognize my CDN) as a CDN has a non-far future expiration date in the called JS file.
2. Minify CSS and JS - it is minified, so I'm not sure what it wants from me. The filesize is probably too large for an A.
3. Put JavaScript at the Bottom - I already explained why I don't want to do this, but I've left the rule in anyway.
Now my site seems to be a bit more responsive, and the background image I mentioned before no longer disappears and reappears (unless I press refresh really, really fast, confusing the browser's cache I guess).